2017年10月2日 星期一

Why Making Left Turns is a Dangerous Waste of Time 貨車司機的「不左轉科學」


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Why Making Left Turns is a Dangerous Waste of Time  美麗的偽裝高手 ── 蘭花螳螂
by Evan Witkowski

Delivery drivers have known about this for years.
在馬來西亞的叢林中,一種致命的獵食者躲藏在明亮色彩的背後。

    Driving can be tricky sometimes. With all of the traffic and other drivers' _(1)_ behavior, roads and highways are frequently the scenes of accidents. One thing that could make them a safer place for vehicles and pedestrians alike is prohibiting left turns in countries _(2)_ motorists drive on the right side. It might sound crazy, but drivers for United Postal Service (UPS) have known about this _(3)_ for years, and now that there are studies to back them up, other companies are following suit.
  According to research from the US National Highway Traffic Safety Association, left turns are one of the most common road maneuvers that can _(4)_ a crash. Sixty-one percent of crashes while turning or crossing an intersection happen during left turns, compared to the 3.1% that involve turning right. Pedestrians are also three times more likely to die from a vehicle turning left instead of right. On top of the dangers reduced, delivery drivers _(5)_ save millions of gallons of gasoline each year by avoiding left turns altogether since they don't have to idle while waiting for traffic to pass.
  While it saves time and fuel if you have multiple destinations and are behind the wheel all day, most drivers probably wouldn't _(6)_ much from only turning right at intersections. Although the routes might be slightly longer, the complexity of _(7)_ a route with multiple stops means that it still ends up saving them time, even if it is not the shortest distance. Maybe you should consider testing the theory, but remember to drive safely and don't get lost!
1. (A) reliable  (B) available  (C) uncomfortable  (D) unpredictable
2. (A) where  (B) what  (C) who  (D) when
3. (A) issue  (B) trick  (C) expense  (D) pursuit
4. (A) stand for  (B) reflect on  (C) lead to  (D) browse through
5. (A) reportedly  (B) accidentally  (C) sincerely  (D) notoriously
6. (A) predict  (B) diagnose  (C) benefit  (D) retain
7. (A) resembling  (B) navigating  (C) terminating  (D) disapproving

 

1. With all of the traffic and other drivers' unpredictable behavior, roads and highways are frequently the scenes of accidents.
由於所有交通狀況和其他駕駛不可預測的行為,道路和高速公路經常成為事故現場。

理由:
a. (A) reliable a. 可靠的,可信賴的
Mark's stability makes him a very reliable friend.
馬克的穩重使他成為非常值得信賴的朋友。
*stability n. 穩定
(B) available a. 可買到的;可利用的
There were still some seats available in the back of the concert hall.
該音樂廳的後面還有一些空位。
(C) uncomfortable a. 不舒服的
We should avoid offending others or making them feel uncomfortable.
我們應該避免冒犯他人或使他們感到不舒服。
(D) unpredictable a. 難以預測的
My sister has an unpredictable temper.
我姊姊的脾氣難以捉摸。
b. 根據語意,(D) 項應為正選。

2. One thing that could make them a safer place for vehicles and pedestrians alike is prohibiting left turns in countries where motorists drive on the right side.
有個方法可以讓道路和高速公路對於車輛和行人都更為安全,那就是在駕駛人於右側行駛的國家禁止左轉。

理由:
a. 空格前的先行詞 countries(國家)為表地方的名詞,且空格後為一完整子句,得知空格應置能修飾地方的關係副詞 where 以引導形容詞子句。關係副詞 where 等於「介詞 + which」,其引導的形容詞子句修飾表地方的先行詞。
It is impossible to have a world where (= in which) there are no crimes, but we can make it better.
這世界不可能沒有犯罪,但我們可以讓它更好。
b. 根據上述,(A) 項應為正選。

3. It might sound crazy, but drivers for United Postal Service (UPS) have known about this trick for years, ...
這可能聽起來很瘋狂,但優比速公司的駕駛員多年來都熟知這個竅門,……

理由:

a. (A) issue n. 議題,問題
The issue of sexual discrimination was widely discussed during the meeting.
性別歧視的議題在會議中被廣泛討論。
*sexual discrimination  性別歧視
(B) trick n. 竅門;惡作劇
The students played a trick on the teacher by hiding the chalk.
學生們將粉筆藏起來捉弄這位老師。
(C) expense n. 費用,支出
Marvin needs to find a way to cut down on his daily expenses.
馬文得想個辦法減少他的日常開銷。
*cut down on...  減少……
(D) pursuit n. 追求,追尋
: in pursuit of...  追趕……;追求……
Hillary was in pursuit of her dream of becoming the first female president.
希拉蕊當時正在追尋成為第一位女總統的夢想。
b. 根據語意,(B) 項應為正選。

4. According to research from the US National Highway Traffic Safety Association, left turns are one of the most common road maneuvers that can lead to a crash.
根據美國國家公路交通安全管理局的研究,左轉是可能導致事故最常見的路上動作之一。

理由:
a. (A) stand for...  代表……
Joanne gave Daniel a red rose, which stood for her undying love.
喬安送丹尼爾一朵紅色玫瑰,代表她永恆不渝的愛。
*undying a. 永恆的
(B) reflect on...  仔細考慮……;反省……
I will reflect on your suggestion and give you an answer tomorrow.
我會仔細考慮你的建議並在明天給你答覆。
(C) lead to...  導致……
An unbalanced diet will ultimately lead to physical illness.
不均衡的飲食最終會導致身體不適。
*ultimately adv. 最終,終究
(D) browse through...  瀏覽……
Every day, Terry browses through the website to find a better job.
泰瑞每天都會瀏覽網站看看有沒有好一點的工作。
b. 根據語意,(C) 項應為正選。

5. On top of the dangers reduced, delivery drivers reportedly save millions of gallons of gasoline each year...
除了減少危險之外,據信藉由完全避免左轉,貨運司機每年可以節省數百萬加侖的汽油……

理由:
a. (A) reportedly adv. 據傳聞;據報導
That country is reportedly going to wage war on its neighbor.
據傳聞,那個國家將要向其鄰國發動戰爭。
*wage vt. 發動(政治運動、戰爭等)
(B) accidentally adv. 意外地
I felt bad when I accidentally stepped on my dog's tail.
我不小心踩到我狗狗的尾巴讓我很愧疚。
(C) sincerely adv. 真誠地
I sincerely hope your mother will get well soon.
我衷心希望令堂能早日康復。
(D) notoriously adv. 惡名昭彰地;(壞事方面)眾所周知地
Telephone conversations are notoriously easy to misunderstand.
電話交談很容易產生誤解。
*misunderstand vt. 誤會
b. 根據語意,(A) 項應為正選。

6. ..., most drivers probably wouldn't benefit much from only turning right at intersections.
……,但大多數的駕駛人可能不會只因為在交叉路口右轉而得到多大好處。

理由:
a. (A) predict vt. 預測
Analysts predicted a stock market crash, but it was just a false alarm.
分析師預測股市會崩盤,但只是虛驚一場。
*a false alarm  虛驚一場
(B) diagnose vt. 診斷
: be diagnosed with...  被診斷出罹患……
Richard was at a loss for words when he was diagnosed with cancer.
理查被診斷出罹患癌症時,他不知該說什麼。
*be at a loss for words  不知該說什麼
(C) benefit vi. 得益 & vt. 有益於,有利於
: benefit from...  從……得到好處
Couch potatoes can benefit from doing more exercise.
整天坐在沙發上看電視的人可以從多運動中獲益。
*a couch potato  成天在沙發上看電視的人
The new shopping mall will benefit the community.
那間新的購物中心將對該社區很有幫助。
(D) retain vt. 保留,保持
The boxing champion beat the challenger and retained his title.
拳擊冠軍擊敗挑戰者而衛冕成功。
b. 根據語意,(C) 項應為正選。

7. Although the routes might be slightly longer, the complexity of navigating a route with multiple stops means that it still ends up saving them time, even if it is not the shortest distance.
雖然路線可能會變得稍長一點,但是行駛於多個停靠地點路線的複雜性意味著即使不是最短距離,最終仍然會節省時間。

理由:
a. (A) resemble vt. 和……相似
After the huge earthquake, the city resembled a battlefield.
大地震後,這個城市就如同戰場一般。
(B) navigate vt. 航行於
David navigated the strait in record time.
大衛以創紀錄的時間航行於這個海峽。
*in record time  以創紀錄的時間
(C) terminate vt. 終止;解僱
Since your company failed to meet our needs, we are going to terminate the contract.
由於貴公司無法滿足我們的需求,我們將終止這份合約。
*meet one's needs  滿足/符合某人的需要
contract n. 合約
(D) disapprove vt. & vi. 駁回
: disapprove of...  駁回……,不贊成……
The committee disapproved of the project.
委員會駁回了這項企劃案。
*committee n. 委員會
b. 根據語意,(B) 項應為正選。

1. back... up / back up...  支持……
Do you have any research to back up your claim that swimming is bad for our eyes?
你有任何研究支持游泳對眼睛有害的說法嗎?

2. follow suit  仿效,照做(原意為「跟相同花色的牌」,引申為「效法、跟進」之意)
Whatever his elder brother does, Henry will follow suit.
無論亨利的哥哥做什麼,亨利都會仿效他。

3. according to...  根據……
According to the survey, half the employees would take a pay cut just to keep their jobs.
根據這份調查,有一半員工願意接受減薪來保住飯碗。

4. be compared to...  和……相較之下
: compare A with B  比較 A 與 B
Compared to printed books, ebooks conserve paper and never go out of print.
和印刷書相比,電子書更節省紙張,而且永遠不會絕版。
*go out of print  絕版
It's interesting to compare Western customs with Chinese ones.
比較西式與中式習俗相當有趣。

5. die from...  死於……(意外事故、受傷等)
比較 die of...  死於……(疾病、飢餓或衰老等)
The hiker died from a snake bite.
這名登山客因為被蛇咬而喪命。
Our dog died of cancer and was buried in the backyard.
我們家的狗死於癌症後被埋在後院裡。

6. on top of...  除了……外
: in addition to...
On top of two reports, I have a lot of math homework to finish.
除了兩份報告以外,我還有很多數學作業待完成。

7. behind the wheel  駕駛,開車

8. end up V-ing  結果/到頭來……
Leo will end up burning out if he continues working that hard.
里歐如果繼續那麼拚命工作,最後會把自己的身體搞垮。
*burn out  累垮;燒盡


pedestrian n. 行人
maneuver n.(需要技巧或謹慎操作的)動作
intersection n. 十字路口
gallon n. 加侖
gasoline n. 汽油
idle vi. 怠速;無所事事
: idle around  遊手好閒,鬼混

1. delivery n. 運送
: deliver vt. 傳遞;遞送,投遞
There is no postal delivery on Sundays.
星期天郵差不送信。
*postal a. 郵政的
The letter won't be delivered if you don't stick a stamp on the envelope.
如果不貼郵票,這封信就無法送達。
*envelope n. 信封

2. tricky a. 棘手的,難處理的
I'm in a tricky situation. Whatever I do, I'll offend someone.
我處於一個棘手的情況。無論我做什麼,都會冒犯到別人。

3. prohibit vt. 禁止
: prohibit sb from V-ing  禁止某人……
Linda prohibits her husband from smoking in the house.
琳達不准她老公在屋內抽菸。

4. association n. 協會;聯合
Mr. Jackson has joined the teachers' association.
傑克森老師加入了教師協會。

5. crash n. 撞擊;墜毀 & vi. 衝撞,撞擊
Despite a number of airplane crashes, flying is still much safer than driving.
儘管有多起飛機失事案件,飛行仍比開車安全多了。
The car crashed into the tree, but the driver was uninjured.
雖然那輛汽車撞到樹,駕駛卻毫髮無傷。

6. altogether adv. 全部地,完全地
: completely adv.
That popular restaurant not only changed its name but also updated its menu altogether.
那家受歡迎的餐廳不但換了名字,連菜單也整個更新了。

7. multiple a. 眾多的,多重的
Multiple choice is a common test format.
多重選擇題是一種普遍的考試形式。

8. destination n. 目的地
Mary and Paul chose Tahiti as their honeymoon destination.
瑪麗和保羅選擇大溪地作為他們度蜜月的目的地。

9. route n. 路線
: en route  在路上
The criminal took his own life en route to the police station.
該罪犯在前往警局的路上自殺了。
*take one's own life  自殺

10. slightly adv. 稍微地,有點
Tom becomes slightly sentimental when he gets drunk.
湯姆喝醉後會有點多愁善感。
*sentimental a. 多愁善感的

11. complexity n. 複雜性
The complexity of the problem is far beyond my imagination.
這個問題的複雜程度遠超出我的想像。

12. consider vt. 考慮
: consider V-ing  考慮/細想……
I seriously considered resigning, but my children's tuition still needed to be paid.
我曾認真地考慮辭職,但我還需要付小孩的學費。
*resign vi. 辭職
tuition n. 學費(不可數)

13. theory n. 理論
: in theory  理論上
Kelly's idea sounds good in theory, but I doubt if it can work in reality.
凱莉的點子理論上聽起來很不錯,但我懷疑實際上是否可行。

 

貨車司機的「不左轉科學」
貨車司機們多年來都懂這個竅門。

    駕車有時候可能會很棘手。由於所有交通狀況和其他駕駛不可預測的行為,道路和高速公路經常成為事故現場。有個方法可以讓道路和高速公路對於車輛和行人都更為安全,那就是在駕駛人於右側行駛的國家禁止左轉。這可能聽起來很瘋狂,但優比速公司(編按:UPS 是全世界最具規模的包裹快遞公司。)的駕駛員多年來都熟知這個竅門,現在經過研究證實,其他公司也紛紛跟進。
  根據美國國家公路交通安全管理局的研究,左轉是可能導致事故最常見的路上動作之一。轉彎或穿越交叉路口時,61% 的車禍事故是發生在左轉彎期間,右轉事故發生率相比之下是 3.1%。在車輛左轉而非右轉時,行人可能死亡的機率也多了三倍。除了減少危險之外,據信藉由完全避免左轉,貨運司機每年可以節省數百萬加侖的汽油,因為他們不需要在等待通行時讓汽車怠速。
  假如你有多個目的地且整天都在開車,儘管這方法可以節省時間及燃料,但大多數的駕駛人可能不會只因為在交叉路口右轉而得到多大好處。雖然路線可能會變得稍長一點,但是行駛於多個停靠地點路線的複雜性意味著即使不是最短距離,最終仍然會節省時間。也許你應該考慮測試這個理論,但記得要安全駕駛,且不要迷路了!
答案: 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. B

 

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