Can Music Affect Your Dining Experience?「音樂」影響你的食物選擇
by Sean Gale
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Most people enjoy hearing a bit of background music while eating at home, or while dining out at their favorite restaurants. Recent studies have shown that the style and volume◆ of music can have an observable effect on our food choices. __1__ One study—the first of its kind—was led by Dipayan Biswas of the University of South Florida’s Muma College of Business. In his research, Biswas exposed diners in a Swedish café to the same looped◆ playlist◆ of music, but at volumes of 50 decibels◆ on some days and 70 decibels on others. __2__ In comparison, the diners who listened to tunes at lower decibels made healthier choices. Biswas attributed the results to humans’ general need to seek out comfort when they were stressed or overstimulated. To further confirm his hypothesis◆, a similar study was repeated, this time in Swedish grocery stores. The results were identical to the first. __3__ Another study that examined this phenomenon was conducted by researchers at the University of Oxford. The team looked at whether or not loud, fast music might increase the perceived spiciness◆ of dishes. __4__ Not surprisingly, participants◆ who listened to music containing fast drumbeats◆ and high-pitched sounds reported that food was spicier and had more intense flavors by a factor of up to 10%. The researchers called the bizarre phenomenon “sonic◆ seasoning◆.” __5__ It’s no wonder that such music is often played by restaurants that will be serving up spicy foods for their diners. (A) Among the genres that had the strongest effect were traditional Indian and Brazilian music. (B) Certain tunes and melodies can even impact our perception of food when we are eating it. (C) When the music was too loud, the diners became restless and failed to concentrate on the menu. (D) The louder the music, the more cookies, chips, and sugary drinks shoppers ended up adding to their carts. (E) On days the volume was cranked to 70 decibels, patrons ended up ordering less healthy, higher-calorie foods. (F) A group of 180 volunteers were asked to sample spicy dishes while listening to either white noise or up-tempo tunes.
◆ volume n. 音量 ◆ loop vt. 使(歌曲)循環播放(本文為過去分詞作形容詞用) ◆ playlist n. 歌曲播放清單/列表 ◆ decibel n. 分貝 ◆ hypothesis n. 假設(複數形為 hypotheses) ◆ spiciness n. 辛辣 ◆ participant n. 參與者,參加者 ◆ drumbeat n. 鼓聲 ◆ high-pitched a. 聲調很高的 ◆ sonic a. 聲音的 ◆ seasoning n. 調味品,佐料 season vt. 給……調味
1. 第一題空格應選 (B) 理由 a. 本空格在測試對段落語意發展的掌握。空格前一句提到,最近有研究顯示,音樂的風格和音量對我們的食物選擇可能有明顯的影響,可推測空格應是對此研究的進一步說明。 b. 選項 (B) 表示,某些曲調和旋律甚至會影響我們在進食時對食物的感知,語意連貫,且選項中的 Certain tunes and melodies(某些曲調和旋律)與前一句的 the style of music(音樂的風格)互相呼應,可知答案應選 (B)。 字詞補充 a. impact vt. 影響,衝擊 • Hurricane Katrina impacted the entire economy of the United States. 卡崔娜颶風衝擊了美國整體經濟。 b. perception n. 感知,感覺 • The drug can alter your perception, attention, and balance. 這種藥物可能會改變你的感知、注意力和平衡感。
2. 第二題空格應選 (E) 理由 a. 本空格在測試對段落語意連貫性的掌握。空格前一句提到,比斯瓦斯在其研究中讓食客聽相同的循環播放歌單,其中幾天的音量是五十分貝,其他天則是七十分貝;而空格後一句指出,相較之下,聽較低分貝音樂的食客則選擇比較健康的餐點,可推測空格應與聽較高分貝音樂的受試者對食物的選擇有關。 b. 選項 (E) 表示,在音量調高至七十分貝的那幾天,顧客最後點了較不健康且熱量較高的食物,語意連貫且符合推測,可知答案應選 (E)。 字詞補充 a. crank vt.(轉動曲柄以)調整(音量) crank up / down... 將……(音量)調大/調小 • Lucy cranked up the song on the car radio and sang along loudly. 露西將車上收音機播放的歌曲音量調大並大聲地跟著唱。 b. patron n. 顧客 c. end up V-ing 最後/結果/到頭來…… • The gambler ended up losing everything. 這名賭徒到頭來失去了一切。 d. calorie n. 卡路里
3. 第三題空格應選 (D) 理由 a. 本空格在測試對段落語意發展的掌握。空格前提到,為了進一步證實比斯瓦斯的假設,在瑞典的雜貨店又進行了一項類似的研究,其結果都與比斯瓦斯的研究相同,可推測空格應與在雜貨店中進行的實驗結果有關,並且證實其前所說人類在受到壓力或過度刺激時會尋求慰藉的假設。 b. 選項 (D) 表示,音樂越大聲,購物者最後放到購物車中的餅乾、薯片和含糖飲料就越多,語意連貫且符合推測,可知答案應選 (D)。 字詞補充 a. the + 比較級形容詞/副詞..., the + 比較級形容詞/副詞... 越……,就越…… • The deeper you sleep, the more refreshed you will feel when you wake up. 你睡得越沉,醒來時就會覺得越神清氣爽。 b. sugary a. 含糖的,甜的
4. 第四題空格應選 (F) 理由 a. 本空格在測試對段落語意連貫性的掌握。空格前一句提到,牛津大學的研究團隊研究大聲、快節奏的音樂是否會提高人們對菜餚的辣度感受;而空格後一句提及,聆聽含有快節奏音樂的參與者表示食物的辣度及口味強度都提升了 10%,可推測空格應提及該測試的相關內容。 b. 選項 (F) 表示,有一百八十名自願者被要求在聽白噪音或快節奏音樂時品嚐辛辣的菜餚,語意連貫且符合推測,可知答案應選 (F)。 字詞補充 a. volunteer n. 自願者;義務工作者 • Ted became a hospital volunteer after he retired from business. 泰德自企業界退休後成了一名醫院志工。 b. sample vt. 品嚐 • You’re welcome to sample any of our flavors of tea before deciding what to order. 歡迎你們先來試喝我們任何口味的茶再決定要點什麼。 c. spicy a. 辛辣的 d. white noise 白噪音 e. up-tempo a.(音樂)快節奏的
5. 第五題空格應選 (A) 理由 a. 本空格在測試對段落語意連貫性的掌握,答題線索為空格後一句的 such music。 b. 空格後一句提到,「這類音樂」經常在提供辣食的餐廳裡播放,而選項 (A) 表示,能產生聲音調味最大效果的音樂類型是傳統的印度和巴西音樂,語意連貫,且後一句的 such music(這類音樂)即是選項中的 traditional Indian and Brazilian music(傳統的印度和巴西音樂),故答案應選 (A)。 字詞補充 genre n. 同類的所有文藝作品 • The writer’s work is acclaimed as the best of its genre. 那名作家的作品被譽為該文類中的翹楚。
1. of its / their kind 在該類事物當中 (常與 the first、the last 或最高級並用) • This computer is the most powerful of its kind. 這臺電腦是同類型中功能最強大的。
2. in comparison (to / with...) (與……)相較之下 • The goods at this store are cheap. In comparison, everything at the store across the street is overpriced. 這家店的商品很便宜。相較之下,對街那家店的每樣東西都太貴了。 • The pace of life in the village is relaxed in comparison to that of any big city. 相較於任何大城市,這個村子的生活步調很悠閒。
3. attribute A to B 將 A 歸因於 B attribute vt. 將??歸因於 • When Cathy encounters failure, she tends to attribute it to bad luck. 當凱西遭遇失敗時,她往往會將之歸因於運氣不好。
4. seek out... / seek... out 尋求/找到…… • You should start seeking out new employment opportunities before you quit your current job. 你在辭去目前的工作之前就應該開始找新的就業機會。
5. by a factor of + 百分比 / 數字 (增加或減少)……倍數 • The number of tourists coming to this country has grown by a factor of three this month. 本月來到這個國家的遊客人數已增長三倍。
6. It’s no wonder + that 子句 難怪…… = No wonder + S + V • Leslie’s family never celebrates Christmas. It’s no wonder that she wasn’t looking forward to it. 萊絲莉家從來不慶祝聖誕節。難怪她不期待。
7. serve up... / serve... up 提供/端上……(食物) • My mother served up her famous fried dumplings and corn soup. 我媽媽端上了她拿手的煎餃和玉米湯。
1. observable a. 看得見的,能觀察到的 • Mia has made observable progress in speaking English since she started taking that class. 自從上那堂課以來,蜜雅的英語口說有了顯著的進步。
2. overstimulated a. 受到過度刺激的 stimulate vt. 刺激;促進 • Jason felt overstimulated after drinking three cups of coffee. 傑森喝了三杯咖啡後感到過度刺激。 • Traveling can stimulate your mind and broaden your horizons. 旅行可以刺激你的心智並拓展你的視野。
3. confirm vt. 證實;確認 • The police confirmed that an inquiry into the shootings had been launched. 警方證實已對該槍擊事件展開調查。
4. identical a. 完全相同/非常相似的 be identical to... 與……一模一樣/非常相似 • Jim’s coat was identical to the one I bought last month. 吉姆的外套跟我上個月買的那件一模一樣。
5. perceive vt. 察覺,注意到(本文為過去分詞作形容詞用) • Ann perceived a subtle change in her daughter’s behavior. 小安察覺女兒的行為有了微妙的變化。
6. intense a. 強烈的 • Mary felt an intense headache after finishing the ice cream in one gulp. 瑪莉一口吃完冰淇淋後感覺到一陣劇烈的頭痛。
7. bizarre a. 奇異的,古怪的 • The politician was found murdered in his home under bizarre circumstances. 那名政客被人發現在自己家中離奇地遇害。
expose A to B 將 A 暴露於 B 中 expose vt. 使暴露於;使接觸 • The scientist exposed mice to small amounts of radiation. 那位科學家把老鼠暴露在少量的幅射線下。 --------------------------------------------------------------- 以下介紹 expose A to B 常見的意思及用法,此片語亦常用被動 be exposed to: a. expose sb/sth to... 使某人/某物暴露/置身於……(險境、危險等) • The residents near that factory were exposed to toxic substances after the explosion. 在那起爆炸後,那座工廠附近的居民都暴露在有毒物質中。 b. expose sb to sth 使某人接觸到某物 • Traveling exposes you to different cultures. 旅遊能讓你接觸到不同的文化。 • Children should not be exposed to too much violence on TV. 兒童不應接觸過多電視暴力。 以下介紹 expose 作及物動詞的其他意思: c. 表「揭露,揭發」。 • The newspaper exposed the child abuse scandal in that orphanage. 該報社揭發了那所孤兒院的虐童醜聞。 d. 表「(尤指無意中)顯露(感情)」。 • Peter exposed his feelings for Nina by the way he looked at her. 彼得看著妮娜的方式顯露出了他對她的感情。 e. 表「使(照片)曝光」。 • Don’t expose this film to light or your pictures will be ruined. 這捲底片不可曝光,不然你的照片就毀了。
「音樂」影響你的食物選擇
大多數人在家裡吃飯或在自己最愛的餐館用餐時都喜歡聽到一些背景音樂。最近有研究顯示,音樂的風格和音量對我們的食物選擇可能有明顯的影響。某些曲調和旋律甚至會影響我們在進食時對食物的感知。 南佛羅里達大學穆馬商學院的蒂帕因.比斯瓦斯領導了一項首開先河的研究。在該研究中,比斯瓦斯讓一家瑞典咖啡廳的食客聽相同的循環播放歌單,但有幾天的音量是五十分貝,而其他天則是七十分貝。在音量調高至七十分貝的那幾天,顧客最後點了較不健康且熱量較高的食物。相較之下,聽較低分貝音樂的食客則選擇了較健康的餐點。比斯瓦斯將此結果歸因於人類在受到壓力或過度刺激時普遍需要尋求慰藉。為了進一步證實他的假設,又進行了一項類似的研究,而這次是在瑞典的雜貨店。結果都與第一項研究相同。音樂越大聲,購物者最後放到購物車中的餅乾、薯片和含糖飲料就越多。 另一項探討此種現象的研究是由牛津大學的研究人員所進行。該團隊研究大聲、快節奏的音樂是否會提高人們對菜餚的辣度感受。有一組一百八十名的自願者被要求在聽白噪音(編按:指在可測得的頻率範圍內頻率保持一致的聲音,像是重複撥放海浪聲、雨聲等)或快節奏音樂時品嚐辛辣的菜餚。不意外地,聆聽含有快速鼓聲及高音調之音樂的參與者報告說,食物的辣度及口味強度都提升了高達 10%。研究人員稱這種奇特現象為「聲音調味」。其中能產生最大效果的類型是傳統的印度和巴西音樂。難怪這類音樂經常在提供顧客辛辣食物的餐廳裡播放。 答案:1. B 2. E 3. D 4. F 5. A