2018年5月21日 星期一

B.F. Skinner's Pigeon Experiment 「迷信的鴿子」實驗


【寫真生活Snap電子報】介紹網友們精彩攝影作品及生活資訊影像情報,快藉由此份報來看你不曾發現的風景! 以英文角度感受臺北的魅力,【TAIPEI英文季刊電子報】給你流行話題、美食景點不同主題的精彩報導。
無法正常瀏覽圖片,請按這裡看說明   無法正常瀏覽內容,請按這裡線上閱讀
新聞  健康  財經  追星  NBA台灣  udn部落格  udnTV  讀書吧  
2018/05/22 第365期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份直接訂閱
   
 

B.F. Skinner's Pigeon Experiment  「迷信的鴿子」實驗
by William Ryan

Animal behavior can provide valuable insight into what makes humans tick.
動物的行為可以提供有用的見解以說明人類的行為。

  

  

  Science suggests that there are only a few essential differences between animals and humans. __1__ Superstitious or ritualistic behaviors are not considered rational, though humans often engage in them. __2__ Even world-class athletes and famous celebrities follow peculiar personal rituals to bring them good luck. __3__ Actress Jennifer Aniston never boards an airplane without first touching the outside of it with her right foot. Tiger Woods always wears red on the last day of a golf tournament. What causes such behavior? Do animals behave similarly, or is superstition unique to human beings?
  __4__ In his experiment, whose results were published in 1947, pigeons that were fed
mechanically at regular intervals came to believe they could make food appear by performing certain behaviors. They didn't know that their food would appear every 15 seconds regardless of anything they did. Hoping for more food, each pigeon learned some action or movement, such as pendulum-like head movement or turning in its cage a specific number of times. Every bird performed its own unique action over and over again, and soon food would appear. __5__ By the end of the study, 75% of the pigeons had become superstitious.
  Just as Skinner's pigeons
automatically repeated the actions that they thought fed them, humans repeat their routines and habits, drawing comfort from them without much mental effort. Athletes' pregame rituals are like this. The athletes repeat, again and again, the actions that they believe will bring good luck to their game. What is it that makes us believe this cause-and-effect relationship on the basis of superstition?

(A) Tennis champion Serena Williams bounces her ball five times before her first serve.
(B) The pigeons repeated the behavior that they thought produced their last feeding.
(C) Psychologists would argue that the laws of behavior governing the animal kingdom are more or less the same laws that govern human behavior.
(D) Renowned behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner's research study of a group of hungry pigeons showed that superstitious behavior could be induced with what he called operant conditioning.
(E) For example, we avoid opening umbrellas inside to prevent bad luck, and we knock on wood for good luck.
(F) Yet, animals, whether they are black cats or hooting owls, have also garnered a place in the world of superstitions.

 

peculiar a. 特殊的;獨特的
: be peculiar to...  是……特有的
tournament n. 比賽,錦標賽
pendulum n. 鐘擺
cause-and-effect a. 因果的

1. what makes sb tick  
造成某人行事方式的原因/動機
tick vi.(鐘錶等)滴答滴答響;(機器)轉動
I don't think that even Sue's husband really knows what makes her tick.
我想就算是小蘇的丈夫也不知道她那樣做的動機為何。
As the time bomb ticked, the specialist worked to disarm it.
在那枚定時炸彈滴答滴答作響的同時,該專家正設法將它拆除。
*disarm vt. 拆除(爆炸裝置);解除武裝

2. engage in...  參與/從事……
That shipping company has engaged in many illegal business practices for years.
那家貨運公司已從事許多非法商業行為多年。

3. at regular intervals  每隔一段固定時間
interval n. 間隔時間
: at intervals of + 時間  每隔……(一段時間)
Trains from Taipei to Taichung run at regular intervals.
從臺北到臺中有固定班次的火車開出。
The buses run at intervals of 10 minutes.
公車每隔十分鐘一班。

4. regardless of...  不管……
Regardless of when you arrive, please call me at once.
不管你幾點到,請馬上打電話給我。

5. on the basis of...  以……為基準,根據……
basis n. 基礎,基本
The decision to give us a raise was made on the basis of our work performance.
我們獲得加薪的決定是以我們的工作表現為考量。

1. pigeon n. 鴿子
: swallow n. 燕子

2. experiment n. 實驗 & vi. 作實驗
: do / perform / carry out / conduct an experiment  做/進行實驗
experiment on...  對……做實驗
We're currently conducting an experiment on a frog to see if this medicine has any side effects.
我們正在對青蛙做實驗以了解這種藥是否可能有任何副作用。
I'm against the idea of experimenting on animals.
我反對在動物身上做實驗這樣的想法。

3. insight n. 見解,見識;深入了解
: give insight into...  洞察/了解……
I was impressed with Edward's insight on the matter.
艾德華對這件事的見解讓我留下深刻的印象。
Amy Tan's novels give insight into the lives of Chinese-Americans living in the US.
譚艾美的小說帶我們深入了解華裔美國人在美國的生活。

4. essential a. 本質的;不可或缺的
: be essential to...  對……極為重要/不可或缺
Water is essential to the survival of all living creatures.
水對所有生物的存活都是不可或缺。

5. superstitious a. 迷信的
: be superstitious about...  對……很迷信
superstition n. 迷信
A large number of Westerners are superstitious about Friday the 13th.
許多西方人對十三號星期五這個日子相當迷信。
The superstition states that if you break a mirror, you'll have seven years of bad luck.
有個迷信說,如果打破鏡子,就會倒霉七年。

6. ritualistic a. 儀式的
: ritual n. 習俗;儀式

7. rational a. 理性的,合理的
: irrational a. 不理性的
The authorities have yet to find a rational explanation for the accident.
有關當局仍未能找出該起意外事件的合理解釋。
*explanation n. 解釋

8. board vt. 登上(船、飛機、公車等)
: aboard prep. 上(船、飛機、火車等)
Please board the plane at Gate 18.
請於十八號登機門登機。
Ann had never been aboard a plane before.
小安以前從未搭過飛機。

9. mechanically adv. 機械地
: mechanical a. 機械的

10. perform vt. 執行;履行 & vi. 表演;表現
: perform one's duties  履行某人的義務
= carry out one's duties
The surgeon has performed this operation before.
這位外科醫生以前動過這種手術。
*operation n. 外科手術(可數)
The teacher told us to perform our civic duties.
老師告訴我們要盡市民的義務。
*civic a. 市民的
Much to my surprise, most of the students performed very well on the exam.
讓我很驚訝的是,大部分學生這次考試都表現得很好。

11. automatically adv. 自動地
This light turns on automatically when someone walks beneath it.
這盞燈在有人從底下經過時會自動發亮。
*beneath prep. 在……之下

12. routine n. 慣例;例行公事
Sandra was tired of the nine-to-five routine, so she quit her job.
珊卓對朝九晚五的例行工作感到厭倦,於是她辭職了。

 

1. 第一題空格應選 (C)

理由:
a. 空格前一句提及 "Science suggests that there are only a few essential differences between animals and humans."(科學顯示,動物和人類之間只有少數本質上的不同。),而 (C) 項句子提及 "Psychologists would argue that the laws of behavior governing the animal kingdom are more or less the same laws that govern human behavior."(心理學家主張,支配動物界的行為法則或多或少與支配人類行為的法則相同。),前一句的 animals(動物)及 humans(人類)與 (C) 項句子的 animal kingdom(動物界)及 human behavior(人類行為)互相呼應,故形成關聯。
b. 根據上述,(C) 項應為正選。

大補丸
a. psychologist n. 心理學家
b. govern vt. 支配;統治
India used to be governed by the British.
印度曾被英國人統治過。
c. more or less  差不多,多少有一點
The road runs more or less parallel to Civic Boulevard.
這條路差不多和市民大道平行。
*boulevard n. 大道(僅可用於路名中)

2. 第二題空格應選 (E)

理由:
a. 空格前一句提及 "Superstitious or ritualistic behaviors are not considered rational, though humans often engage in them."(儘管人類經常迷信或從事儀式,但涉及迷信或儀式的行為被認為是非理性的。),而 (E) 項句子提及 "For example, we avoid opening umbrellas inside to prevent bad luck, and we knock on wood for good luck."(舉例來說,我們會避免在室內開傘以防止厄運,我們也會敲木頭以祈求好運。),前一句提及 Superstitious or ritualistic behaviors(迷信或儀式的行為),(E) 項句子則舉例與前句呼應,故形成關聯。
b. 根據上述,(E) 項應為正選。

大補丸
knock on wood  (敲木頭)祈求好運

3. 第三題空格應選 (A)

理由:
a. 空格前一句提及 "Even world-class athletes and famous celebrities follow peculiar personal rituals to bring them good luck."
(甚至連世界級的運動員和名人都遵循著特殊的個人儀式來為自己帶來好運。),而 (A) 項句子提及 "Tennis champion Serena Williams bounces her ball five times before her first serve."(網球冠軍小威廉絲在第一次發球前會先拍球五次。),前一句的 world-class athletes and famous celebrities(世界級的運動員和名人)與 (A) 項句子的 Tennis champion Serena Williams(網球冠軍小威廉絲)呼應,故形成關聯。
b. 根據上述,(A) 項應為正選。

大補丸
a. champion n. 冠軍
: championship n. 冠軍頭銜
b. bounce vt. & vi.(使)彈跳,彈起
The ball bounced off the wall and came to rest under the table.
球從牆邊彈回來,滾到桌子下就停住了。
c. serve n. & vt.(網球)發球

4. 第四題空格應選 (D)

理由:
a. 空格後一句提及 "In his experiment... pigeons that were fed mechanically at regular intervals came to believe..."(在他的實驗中……固定時間間隔被餵食的鴿子會漸漸相信……),而 (D) 項句子提及 "Renowned behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner's research study of a group of hungry pigeons showed that..."(著名的行為主義心理學家 B.F. 史金納對一群飢餓鴿子所做的研究顯示……),後一句的 experiment(實驗)指的即是 (D) 項句子的 B.F. Skinner's research(B.F. 史金納所做的研究),故形成關聯。
b. 根據上述,(D) 項應為正選。

大補丸
a. renowned a. 著名的
: world-renowned a. 舉世聞名的
b. behavioral a. 行為的
c. induce vt. 引起,導致
The doctor induced sleep so his patient would be unconscious during surgery.
醫生替他的病人麻醉使他昏睡過去,如此才能在病人沒有知覺的情況下替他動手術。
*unconscious a. 無意識的
d. operant conditioning  操作制約
operant a. 操作性的

5. 第五題空格應選 (B)

理由:
a. 空格前一句提及 "Every bird performed its own unique action over and over again, and soon food would appear."(每隻鳥都會一次又一次地做出自己獨特的動作,然後食物很快就會出現。),而 (B) 項句子提及 "The pigeons repeated the behavior that they thought produced their last feeding."(那些鴿子重複了牠們認為幫助產生上一次餵食的行為。),前一句的 performed its own unique action over and over again
(一次又一次地做出自己獨特的動作)與 (B) 項句子的 repeated the behavior(重複了行為)互相呼應,故形成關聯。
b. 根據上述,(B) 項應為正選。

大補丸
produce vt. 生產;製作
This region produces the best wine in France.
這個地區生產法國最佳的葡萄酒。

 

「迷信的鴿子」實驗
動物的行為可以提供有用的見解以說明人類的行為。  

  

  科學顯示,動物和人類之間只有少數本質上的不同。心理學家主張,支配動物界的行為法則或多或少與支配人類行為的法則相同。儘管人類經常迷信或從事儀式,但涉及迷信或儀式的行為被認為是非理性的。舉例來說,我們會避免在室內開傘以防止厄運,我們也會敲木頭以祈求好運。甚至連世界級的運動員和名人都遵循著特殊的個人儀式來為自己帶來好運。網球冠軍小威廉絲在第一次發球前會先拍球五次。女演員珍妮佛.安妮斯頓沒有一次不是先用右腳觸碰機身再登機的。老虎伍茲總是在高爾夫比賽的最後一天穿紅衫。是什麼造成這樣的行為?動物也有類似的行為嗎,還是迷信是人類獨有的?
  著名的行為主義心理學家 B.F. 史金納對一群飢餓鴿子所做的研究顯示,迷信行為可以透過他所謂的操作制約(或操作反射作用)來誘發。在他的實驗中(研究結果於 1947 年發表),固定時間間隔被餵食的鴿子會漸漸相信牠們可以透過執行某些行為來使食物出現。牠們不知道不管牠們做了什麼,牠們的食物每隔十五秒鐘就會出現。為了獲得更多食物,每隻鴿子都會學習一些動作,例如像鐘擺一樣的擺頭運動或是在籠子裡旋轉特定的次數。每隻鳥都會一次又一次地做出自己獨特的動作,然後食物很快就會出現。那些鴿子重複了牠們認為幫助產生上一次餵食的行為。在研究的尾聲,有 75% 的鴿子變得迷信。
  正如史金納的鴿子會自動重複牠們認為會帶來餵食的行為,人類在沒有思考太多的情況下重複著他們的慣例和習慣來從中獲得安慰。運動員的賽前儀式就是這樣。運動員一再重複他們認為會為自己比賽帶來好運的動作。是什麼讓我們相信這種以迷信為基礎的因果關係呢?
答案:
1. C  2. E  3. A  4. D  5.B

 
2018常春藤國際線上書展

歡慶多益線上課程募資成功∼
﹥現在購買課程,即可獲得2回模擬試題+1本多益單字書~
跟賴老師一起戰勝新制多益!

常春藤帶你去NASA!學習一生受用的生存法則!!

以英語彩繪未來,渲染出繽紛生活
雜誌訂半年就送「專業級24色水溶性彩色鉛筆」!訂一年則送「Breere Tefee Cup 隨行杯」!

打造專屬閱讀舒適圈! 輕鬆掌握英文學測考試重點!
﹥內含全文翻譯,著重字詞解說、句型分析、實用例句以及必考重點
﹥收錄98~107年歷屆英文學測試題
 
     
高殖利率股 進可攻退可守
美股暫時化解作頭疑慮,台股殖利率高可望吸引中長線買盤進駐,520行情先由物超所值的實質績優股站穩腳步,未來成長能見度高者表現空間更大。

縝密計畫是教不出孩子創意的!
愈嚴謹的,愈訓練不出創意。因為大創意根本是很浪漫自然的東西,讓經驗在腦裡融和之後,某一個點突然打在自己的意識裡,這個過程,是孩子最珍貴也最容易失去的資產,請小心呵護著它。
 

Copyright c 2011 IVY LEAGUE ANALYTICAL ENGLISH All Rights Reserved. 版權所有,轉載必究。

與我們聯絡 電話:02-23317600 傳真:02-23810918

  免費電子報 | 著作權聲明 | 隱私權聲明 | 聯絡我們
udnfamily : news | video | money | stars | health | reading | mobile | data | NBA TAIWAN | blog | shopping