2020年1月9日 星期四

Female Writers On the Rise in Italy 「斐蘭德效應」HBO製作影集 義大利女作家聲勢漲


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2020/01/10 第293期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 Female Writers On the Rise in Italy 「斐蘭德效應」HBO製作影集 義大利女作家聲勢漲
Why the Star of a Big Hollywood Development Is the Sun 好萊塢新亮點 太陽能牆面大樓
紐時周報精選
 
Female Writers On the Rise in Italy 「斐蘭德效應」HBO製作影集 義大利女作家聲勢漲
文/Anna Momigliano
譯/陳韋廷,核稿/樂慧生

In Italy, literary fiction has long been considered a man's game. Publishers, critics and prize committees have dismissed books by women as chick lit and beach reads. They scoffed at Elena Ferrante, the author of "My Brilliant Friend," as the writer of mere page-turners.

在義大利,文學小說一直被視為男人的專屬領域。出版商、評論家與評獎委員會均將女性的著作貶為都會女性文學及海灘讀物。他們嘲笑《我的天才女友》作者艾琳娜.斐蘭德,說她只是個以情節見長的小說作者。

Then Ferrante's Neapolitan novels became an international sensation, selling over 11 million copies, inspiring an acclaimed HBO series and cementing her reputation as the most successful Italian novelist in years. Her ascent, and the rediscovery of some of the last century's great Italian female writers, has encouraged a new wave of women and shaken the country's literary establishment. Female writers here are winning prestigious prizes, getting translated and selling copies.

然後,斐蘭德的那不勒斯小說在國際上引起了轟動,銷量超過1100萬本,啟發了HBO製作一部廣受好評的連續劇,並鞏固了她作為多年來最成功義大利小說家的名聲。她的崛起以及上世紀一些偉大義大利女性作家的重獲肯定,鼓舞了新一波女性,並且撼動了義大利文學界的既有建制。當地女作家正贏得著名獎項、作品獲翻譯為外文,而且有了可觀的銷售量。

Their achievements have set off a wider debate in Italy about what constitutes literature in a country where self-referential virtuosity is often valued over storytelling, emotional resonance and issues like sexism or gender roles.

她們的成就在義大利引起了格局更大的討論,爭辯究竟什麼才算是文學。因為在這個國家,自我指涉技巧常被置於敘事、情感共鳴、性別歧視、或性别角色等議題之上。

"Once we were more reluctant to write about certain topics, fearing they could be labeled as 'women's stuff,'" said Veronica Raimo, author of the novel "The Girl at the Door," an exploration of marriage, pregnancy and sexual assault allegations that was translated into English last year. "There was this idea that stories told by women couldn't be universal. But that's changing."

著有小說《門口的女孩》的薇若妮卡.雷莫說:「我們曾經不願意去寫某些主題,擔心它們被貼上『女性之物』的標籤。有種觀點認為女人說的故事不具普世性,但這一點正在改變。」這本小說去年被翻成英文,探討了婚姻、懷孕和性侵害指控。

One author to see the progress firsthand is Helena Janeczek, who has been publishing for decades but who in 2018 became the first woman in 15 years to win the Premio Strega, the country's top literary award.

一位親眼看到這種進步的作家是艾萊娜·雅內克澤克,數十年來出書不斷的她,在前年成為15年間首位獲得該國最高文學獎斯特雷加獎的女性。

"That was quite a time gap, wasn't it?" she said. "But I wasn't that surprised. The times are changing."

她說:「隔了相當久,不是嗎?但我並不感到驚訝。時代正在改變。」

The book that won her the award, published in October in English as "The Girl With the Leica," is a historical novel about war photographer Gerda Taro, who was killed in 1937 while documenting the Spanish Civil War with her more famous boyfriend and colleague, Robert Capa.

讓她得獎的書10月出英文版,名為《拿著徠卡的女孩》,是本關於戰地攝影師葛達.塔洛的歷史小說,此人1937年跟她更為有名的男友兼同事羅伯.卡帕記錄西班牙內戰時遇害。

In the past two years, novels by women have accounted for roughly half of Italy's top 20 bestsellers in fiction — nearly double the percentage from 2017, according to data released by Informazioni Editoriali, which surveys sales in the country's bookshops.

根據該國書店銷量調查業者Informazioni Editoriali公布的數據,過去兩年義大利前20名暢銷小說中,女性作品約占一半,占比相較於2017年增加了近一倍。

In interviews, Italian authors, editors, critics, translators and publishers said that female writers have gained extraordinary attention. Some call it "the Ferrante effect."

義大利作家、編輯、評論家、譯者與出版商受訪時表示,女性作家獲得了極大關注。有些人稱之為「斐蘭德效應」。

"My Brilliant Friend" and the other Ferrante novels showed that "there is a market for fiction by women," said Daniela Brogi, a contemporary literature scholar at the University for Foreigners of Siena. "And they also gave literary dignity to fiction about women."

錫耶納外國人大學當代文學學者達涅拉·波諾吉表示,《我的天才女友》和斐蘭德其他小說「顯示出女性所寫的小說有它的市場,並且賦予關乎女性的小說文學尊嚴。」

※說文解字看新聞【張佑生】

本文用銷售量和改編為影劇作品的盛況為「都會女性文學」(chick lit)平反,認為女性為女性閱讀所寫、主題關於女性的作品,不該被貶抑為「女人家的玩意」(women's stuff),同樣能夠放諸四海皆準(universal)。

導言後的第二段討論文學的定義。簡單說,「形式」跟「內容」孰輕孰重。小說家透過自我指涉(self -referential或自我反射"self-reflexive")的絕技(virtuosity)所打造出的後設小說(metafiction)世界,在義大利文壇備受推崇。義大利已故文壇巨擘卡爾維諾(Italo Calvino)的名作《如果在冬夜,一個旅人》(If on a Winter's Night a Traveler)即為顯例。

優良的文學作品理應形式與內容並重,作者認為義大利長期偏重敘事技巧,以致是否好好地說個故事(storytelling)、引發讀者共鳴(resonance)、和處理性別議題反而沒受到應有的重視。在女性作家紛紛崛起(on the rise)後,文學定義在義國文壇引發熱議,現狀正在改變。

 
Why the Star of a Big Hollywood Development Is the Sun 好萊塢新亮點 太陽能牆面大樓
文/Jill Cowan
譯/陳韋廷,核稿/樂慧生

At last count, there were 34 major construction projects in Hollywood, which Los Angeles officials are determined to turn into a high-density area.

根據最新近的統計,好萊塢計有34個大型建案,洛杉磯市政官員決心把好萊塢變成一個建築物密集的地區。

But one new building stands out amid the glut, and not just because of its name — the Epic — or the company that will soon occupy all of its 13 floors: Netflix.

在這新建築物供過於求之際,有一棟新的大樓卻顯得與眾不同,不只是因為它名叫Epic,或是Netflix很快就會使用它全部13個樓層。

The just-completed Epic is the first office tower in LA to embed solar energy-generating panels ("building integrated photovoltaics") into its facade, according to Hudson Pacific, which owns the property. Put simply, the structure will use its walls to capture and convert sunlight into electricity.

擁有該大樓的哈德遜太平洋公司指出,剛竣工的Epic是洛杉磯第一座將太陽能發電面板(建築整合太陽能)嵌入建築立面的辦公大樓。簡而言之,這棟建物將利用它的牆壁來捕捉陽光,並轉化為電能。

"Vertical panels are extremely uncommon and part of the reason is just physics — they're less efficient than if you have them on the roof," said Bernadette Del Chiaro, executive director of the California Solar and Storage Association, a trade group.

"So I'm not sure how much energy they will generate. But it's still interesting."

同業組織加州太陽能與儲存協會執行董事伯納戴特.德爾基亞洛說:「垂直面板非常罕見,部分原因直接關乎物理原理,它們的效率不如裝在屋頂。因此,我不確定它們會產生多少電能,但這仍是件很有趣的事。」

Del Chiaro described Los Angeles as "almost a clean-energy desert," saying, "it's the place with the most amount of energy need and the most sun and the least amount of this type of experimentation."

德爾基亞洛形容洛杉磯「幾乎是個乾淨能源的荒漠」,表示「這裡是個能源需求最大、陽光最多,這一類實驗卻最少的地方」。

The 310 panels, manufactured by Walters & Wolf and installed on the building's east and west sides (the two with the greatest exposure), will supply 1.5% of the power that Netflix needs, according to Natalie Teear, Hudson Pacific's vice president for sustainability and social impact.

哈德遜太平洋公司主管永續性及社會影響業務的副總裁娜塔莉.提爾指出,由Walters & Wolf製造、安裝在大樓東面和西面(陽光照射最多的兩邊)的310片面板,將供應Netflix所需電力的1.5%。

"It's just a cool example of what's possible," Teear said.

提爾說:「這恰恰是個展示可能性的很酷的例子。」

Chris Barton, Hudson Pacific's executive vice president for development and capital investments, declined to say how much the solar panels added to the cost of construction.

克里斯.巴頓是哈德遜太平洋公司主管開發與資本投資的執行副總裁,他拒絕透露太陽能板會使建築成本增加多少。

"There's a premium to pay for them, certainly," he said. "But we want to do what we can to establish a market for this technology."

他說:「當然,要為它付額外的費用,但我們希望盡自己所能為這項技術建立起市場。」

Netflix had no comment. A Hudson Pacific spokeswoman said the streaming giant would move into the building in the coming months.

Netflix未就此事發表評論。哈德遜太平洋一位女發言人表示,這家串流媒體巨擘將在未來幾個月內搬進這棟大樓。

The Epic has other unusual features — colossal outdoor work spaces with trees, fire pits and sofas, for instance — but Netflix's primary Hollywood headquarters will remain across the street in a building (also owned by Hudson Pacific) that is known for its eye-popping lobby.

Epic還有些與眾不同的其他特點,例如有樹木、火坑跟沙發的巨大戶外工作空間,但Netflix在好萊塢的主要總部,仍會在對街一棟以大廳令人瞠目結舌著稱的大樓(亦由哈德遜太平洋公司擁有)之內。

 
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