2017年7月21日 星期五

For Flint, Ibsen Play From 1882 Is 'Exactly What We're Living'易卜生名作「人民公敵」 今日美國弗林特市


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讀紐時學英文
2017/07/21 第179期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 For Flint, Ibsen Play From 1882 Is 'Exactly What We're Living'易卜生名作「人民公敵」 今日美國弗林特市
Why 'Julius Caesar' Speaks to Politics Today. With or Without Trump.「凱撒大帝」長得像川普? 早有先例
紐時周報精選
 
For Flint, Ibsen Play From 1882 Is 'Exactly What We're Living'易卜生名作「人民公敵」 今日美國弗林特市
文/Monica Davey
譯/田思怡

The play was written in 1882, originally set in a small town in Norway — about as removed as imaginable from the daily struggles of this Michigan city. But as an adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's "An Enemy of the People" played out over the weekend on a basketball court in a building that was once a Flint elementary school, the echoes were uncanny.

A doctor discovers a tainted water supply and speaks up about it. Some leaders question the findings and try to keep the news quiet, and the doctor is widely mocked.

這劇本寫成於1882年,原著的背景是挪威的一個小鎮─與這個密西根州城市每天的掙扎隔得不知有多遠。然而,改編自亨利.易卜生「人民公敵」的舞台劇,上周末在曾是弗林特一所小學的建築物內的籃球場演出,卻引起了不可思議的回響。

一位醫生發現了汙染的水源,並揭發出來。一些領導人物質疑發現的結果,並試圖把消息壓下來,而這位醫生也飽受冷嘲熱諷。

"So we have animals in the water that nobody can see?" one character says, incredulous.

Since revelations of Flint's tainted water emerged almost two years ago, this old play has drawn new interest around the nation. Adaptations are now planned on Broadway, at the Goodman Theater in Chicago, at The Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis and elsewhere.

一位劇中人一臉狐疑地說:「所以,我們的水裡面有沒有人看得到的動物?」

自從弗林特市的水汙染事件將近兩年前爆發以來,這部老劇本已在全美引起新的興趣。百老匯、芝加哥市的固德曼劇院、明尼亞波利市的格思里劇院和一些其他地方的劇院,現在都計畫推出改編版。

But the version performed here — "Public Enemy: Flint" — by a collaboration of theater companies from Los Angeles to London, found personal, painful resonance in the risers around this gymnasium-turned-theater. For a few hours, the residents of Flint were able to sit back and watch someone else grapple with the sort of problems that have consumed their city.

"What I'm telling you is, the water at the resort is contaminated. I mean contaminated. Polluted. Impure," says one of the play's central characters, Dr. Stockmann.

然而在此間演出的版本─「人民公敵:弗林特」─由洛杉磯到倫敦的多個劇團通力合作的作品,卻在這個由體育館改成的劇場四周的看台上引起了切身而痛苦的共鳴。有幾個小時,弗林特市民能舒服地坐著,觀看別人與已令他們這個城市疲於應付的類似問題奮戰。

劇中要角色之一史托克曼醫生說:「我要告訴你們的是,度假村的水已被汙染。我的意思是不乾淨、被汙染、有雜質。」

"For something that was written 130 years ago, it was really so true, so dead-on," said Janice Mosley, who moved to Flint decades ago and watched the play from a front row on Friday night. "They talked about exactly what we're living."

The outlines of the adaptation here were not far from Ibsen's original: the story of a town doctor discovering tainted water at a resort that the town has envisioned as its economic savior.

幾十年前搬來弗林特、周五晚上坐在前排觀賞此劇的珍妮絲.莫斯里說:「130年前寫的東西,真的好真實,好精確。他們談的,正是我們的生活。」

改編的故事大綱與易卜生的原著大同小異:小城的一位醫生發現一個度假村的水遭到汙染,而這個小城把度假村當成經濟救星的故事。

The play's central struggles mirror those that unfolded here after Flint, struggling to save money, switched water supplies in 2014, and residents began complaining of peculiar smells, colors and illnesses. When do you believe someone who says a water system is tainted, and when do you tell everyone? Are whistleblowers heroes or enemies?

"This city will face ruin," the mayor in Ibsen's play tells Dr. Stockmann when the doctor insists that the public must be told of the tainted water. "And it'll be your fault."

此劇的主要爭鬥反映這裡發生的事,在弗林特為盡力省錢而於2014年改換水源後,居民開始抱怨有奇怪的味道、顏色並生病。什麼時候你會相信某人說水的供應系統被汙染了,什麼時候你會告訴大家?揭發的人是英雄還是敵人?

當史托克曼醫生堅持水被汙染的事必須告訴公眾時,易卜生劇中的鎮長對他說:「這個城鎮將面臨毀滅,而這會是你的錯。」

 
Why 'Julius Caesar' Speaks to Politics Today. With or Without Trump.「凱撒大帝」長得像川普? 早有先例
文/Michael Cooper
譯/李京倫

Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" has always been about more than killing Julius Caesar.

On the eve of World War II, Orson Welles staged a landmark anti-fascist production with a Mussolini-like Caesar. The Royal Shakespeare Company recently set the play in Africa, powerfully evoking the continent's dictators and civil wars. Five years ago, the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis staged a production featuring the assassination of an Obama-esque Caesar by a group of right-wing conspirators.

莎士比亞的劇作「凱撒大帝」一向不只關乎凱撒被殺而已。

二次世界大戰爆發前,美國導演奧森威爾斯就將劃時代的反法西斯版「凱撒大帝」搬上舞台,其中的凱撒長得就像義大利獨裁者墨索里尼。英國「皇家莎士比亞劇團」最近推出了非洲版,強而有力地令人想起非洲大陸的獨裁者與內戰。5年前,美國明尼蘇達州明尼亞波利斯市的格斯里劇院上演了凱撒大帝,特色是貌似當時美國總統歐巴馬的凱撒被一群右派共謀者暗殺。

But it is the Public Theater in New York that finds itself in the middle of a pitched controversy, for its new staging of the play at the Delacorte Theater in Central Park. Oskar Eustis, the director, chose to make his Caesar decidedly Trumpian, giving him a shock of hair, an overlong red tie and a wife with a recognizably Slovenian accent. As all Caesars are, he is killed in the middle of the play — bloodily — by Brutus and his band of co-conspirators.

That killing has driven Delta Air Lines and Bank of America to pull all or part of their sponsorship of the Public Theater's free Shakespeare in the Park program, and thrust the theater into a maelstrom of criticism from President Donald Trump's supporters.

然而,紐約藝術團體「公共劇院」近日在中央公園德拉科特劇場演出這部戲,卻引發重大爭議。導演尤斯提斯刻意讓凱撒長得一副美國總統川普樣,給了他濃密的頭髮,超長的紅領帶,和聽得出帶有斯洛維尼亞口音的妻子。就像所有版本的凱撒一樣,凱撒在劇情進行到一半時被羅馬共和國元老院議員布魯圖斯和一群同謀血腥殺害。

這暗殺的一幕,使美國達美航空和美國銀行完全或部分撤銷對公共劇院不收門票的「中央公園看莎劇」活動的贊助,並使劇團淹沒在川普支持者的批評聲浪中。

"Julius Caesar," with assassination at its core, is politically fraught, and subject to multiple interpretations. The play was written during a tense moment when Elizabethan England seethed with political plots. In Catherine the Great's Russia, copies of the play were removed from bookstores. Over the years, totalitarian regimes have banned or bowdlerized it. And audiences and scholars have long debated the play's meaning, and the extent to which Shakespeare was sympathizing with the conspirators or condemning them.

"One thing about Shakespeare's plays that makes them so alive is that they are extremely labile," said Stephen Greenblatt, a Shakespeare scholar. "They go in a lot of different directions, and 'Julius Caesar' is a strong, extreme case of this."

「凱撒大帝」以暗殺為核心,本就充滿政治意涵,且可從多種角度詮釋。此劇創作於伊麗莎白女王時代的英國,當時局勢緊張,政治陰謀充斥。在凱薩琳大帝時期的俄國,此劇劇本被勒令從書店下架。多年來,極權政權不是封殺它就是刪除其中的段落。觀眾和學者一直討論這部戲的意義,以及莎士比亞同情或譴責密謀暗殺者的程度。

研究莎士比亞的學者葛林布萊說:「讓莎士比亞戲劇這麼鮮活的一個原因是,這些戲劇極具不確定性,從不同角度解釋都說得通,而『凱撒大帝』正是強烈而極端的案例。」

Not that the play, in which the increasingly powerful Caesar is killed in the name of saving the republic, is pro-assassination. On this, most Shakespeare scholars agree.

"I think the general drift of it is: Be careful, you might get what you want," Greenblatt said, noting the chaos and bloodshed the assassination unleashes. "The very thing that you think you're doing to protect the republic can lead to the end of the republic."

Leaders have been fascinated by the work. George Washington saw a production of the drama in 1790. Nelson Mandela annotated a copy when he was imprisoned on Robben Island for fighting apartheid in South Africa.

「凱撒大帝」講述權力越來越大的凱撒遭密謀者以「拯救共和國」的名義殺害,不過,絕大多數研究莎士比亞的學者同意,這部戲並不那麼贊同暗殺。

葛林布萊說,「這部戲的大意應該是:小心點,你可能會得到你想要的東西」,他指的是這起暗殺激發的混亂與血腥,「你自認為保護共和國而做的事,可能恰恰導致共和國的終結」。

許多領袖都為這齣戲著迷。美國第一位總統華盛頓在1790年看了這部戲的演出。南非首位黑人總統曼德拉因抗議南非種族隔離制度被關在羅本島時,為這部戲的劇本做了注釋。

說文解字看新聞

文/張佑生

中文有「死有輕如鴻毛,重於泰山」的說法。同樣是死於非命,英文最常見的是kill,天災人禍都可能是死因;murder著重在犯意與罪行;貫穿本文的assassination專指暗殺重要人士,尤其是政治人物。

荊軻刺秦王是很典型的例子,動詞翻譯用kill不是不行但略嫌陽春,assassinate就貼切得多。由於「惜哉劍術疏,奇功遂不成」,刺殺任務只能說是a failed assassination attempt,荊軻則是刺客(assassin)。儘管姓名被當成劇名,莎劇學者咸認凱撒只是titular hero,行刺的Brutus反而才是本劇的tragic hero。此為後話。

 
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